Book Reflections
Chapter 1
Lula da Silva was a power individual and in 1989 Lula was president for Brazil. Lula preached socialism similar to Bernie Sanders in the United States. At first our country was taken back by his movement however many individuals voted for him in the 2016 Primary. Many individuals disagreed with socialism due to the raise in taxes. People do not want their money going to other people. However some people thought socialism could fix the economic corruption in America. Bernie Sanders campaign was all about “fairness” and ways to prevent poverty and greed. In Brazil, Lula lost and ran again in 1990. Lula wanted to build the country’s self-esteem and then Brazil started to improve. Brazil has less religious, terrorist and ethnic pressure than other countries which made Brazil more of a pleasant place to be. In 2009 Brazil met with the United Nations to discuss climate change. Brazil was the world’s fourth densely populated democracy with 200 million people and the seventh largest economy with $2.4 trillion. Half of it’s car’s fuel is plant based or ethanol extracted from sugar cane and it will slow in carbon emissions. Lula lost in the 2010 election year to Dilma Rousseff. After that election Brazil got worse. Brazil’s airports, roads and businesses were low in productivity. Brazil’s government had trouble enforcing laws at that point. Dilma Rousseff was the first women to be in charge of Brazil. She struggled to balance policies which caused the crime rate to increase. Inflation increased 6 percent that year . In 2014, during Rousseff’s second term protesters began to complain about quality of Brazil’s public services. These protests were due to people getting tired of how the country was being run. The protests were a start to the stop of the corruption. That year even a larger protest happened in Brazil. Brazil was fed up with the way the government was being run. The reason for this protest was Brazil wanted to impeach the president Dilma Rousseff which eventually happened in 2016. Brazil held the World Cup in 2014 and is now holding the Summer Olympics in 2016 in Rio de Janeiro. The problem with the Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro is the city’s infrastructure can not hold that amount of individuals at one event. Before anyone visits Brazil they should learn the basics of the Portuguese language. Since Brazil is relatively a new country the history behind it does not go back that far. Brazil united unlike their spanish speaking countries. Brazil has a lot of similar characteristics to the United States (Reid 3-11). Chapter 2:
Mostly Brazil is in the tropics and lacks the alpine conditions. The highest mountain in Brazil is Pico da Neblina that is in between the border of Brazil and Venezuela. Pico da Neblina is 3,000 meters high. Brazil has the Amazon River, the Parana and the Sao Francisco river basin. Even with deforestation, the Amazon Rain Forest still covers half of the country. Brazil is divided up into 5 regions which include the southern temperate zone, the southeast, the north east, centre west and the north. The Southern temperate zone holds the Rio Grande do Sul. The Rio Grande do Sul is home of historians known as gauchos who used to do jobs such as shoemaking, metal bashing and wine production. The southeast has the country’s largest population which includes two of the country's biggest cities. The biggest cities are Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Rio is famous for Copacabana and Ipanema which I hope we visit in January. Rio has beautiful scenery such as mountain stumps, forests and beaches. Rio holds the country’s largest population of Portuguese and African in the cities. Sao Paulo brought in immigrants from Italy and Germany. Our flight lands in Sao Paulo after being in the air for 12 hours. Knowing more about these cities before visiting them will be beneficial. The north east is one of Brazil’s poorest areas. This area grew cotton and sugar in its farmland.The north east has 53 million people and has the country’s most African city. The city is the center of black Brazilian culture/music. The centre-west has the country’s fastest economic growth due to Brazil’s agriculture. The north contains the rainforest and 24 million people. Manaus is the heart of the forest. The Carnival portrays Brazil’s culture. The music of carnival is Samba and that brings people together. The dancing at carnival is choreographed and people wear fancy/extravagant dresses. In the Netflix show series “The Idiot Abroad” Karl Pilkington traveled to Rio de Janeiro during the carnival. He stayed at a local’s house and the local wanted him to sleep in his bed as a welcoming gesture. He took dancing lessons and had to dress in a white/blue costume. Below is a video of Karl Pilkington in Brazil during the Carnival. This carnival brings out Brazil’s sexual and nudity lifestyle even in clothes in the hot temperatures. Brazil held the world’s largest Gay Pride Parade that took place in Sao Paulo. The beach plays a role in Brazil’s clothing choices. The men wear extremely tight bathing suit bottoms (speedos). Telenovela is the most popular television soap opera on Globo TV. The tv finally had gay couples however they do not kiss on screen. Chelsea Handler’s Netflix show shows her trying out for Telenovela. The actor’s and actresses did not have a script but had an ear piece that told them what to say. Brazil’s people work hard to have a thriving democracy that Lula strived for. As I read more of the chapters I will explore Brazil’s achievements and difficulties (Reid 12-26). Chapter 3: The Portuguese were Europe’s top maritime nation in the 15th century. Portugal was isolated with mountains and was a nation of traders. The Portuguese first colonies were in the Atlantic Islands such as Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verde. As the settlers went down the coast they set up factories called feitorias. The Portuguese Vasco de Gama led the European expedition that traveled in the sea to make landfall in Asia. They brought cargoes of spices and then fled west, making landfall in Brazil. Nicolau Coelho investigated the beaches when they landed on the coast. Coelho exchanged gifts to everyone to show friendliness. The Portuguese carpenters cut down a tree to put a large cross marking the land and calling it Vera or True Cruz. Caminha described how physically beautiful the men were there. The Tupi speaking tribes were mostly on the coast and were hunter gatherers. Tupi lived in villages and huts. Tupi woman grew mandioca that was cleared from the forest. The Brazilian Indians did not have many metal tools or domestic animals. The tribes spoke “Tapuia”. Amerigo Vespucci was the navigator who mistook the large bay for river mouth. Since he entered on New Year's Day, it was called the river of January or Rio de Janeiro. The Portuguese were not timid forming sexual relationships with the indigenous women. Portuguese men were encouraged to marry their indigenous mistresses. The first missionaries thought the Brazilian Indians were devils due to their practice of cannibalism. In 1562, the smallpox epidemic affected Brazil and killed 30,000 Indians due to the Portuguese, British and Spanish having no immunity to the local diseases. Brazil had many sugar mills (engenhos) in the 1600s and held around 100 slaves. Frequently slaves escaped from their masters and lived in huts, fished and hunted to survive. The fuel for these mills were from timber from the Amazon. Miners used slaves and built towns overnight. 3 million people lived in Brazil by the 19th century. Third of the population were slaves and 30 percent were free blacks. Brazil’s population consists of the merchants, the farmers, the miners, the lawyers and the churchmen. Understanding Brazil first settlers and the history behind Brazil’s economy is important. Brazil’s culture is important and knowing the history of the natives will make the Brazil trip more successful. Before our trip to Brazil we need to have the Yellow Fever, Hepatitis B and A, and Typhoid vaccines. This will decrease our chances of catching these diseases. The Zika virus has affected South America tremendously. Scientists have yet to discover the vaccine for Zika and pregnant women are being affected greatly due to the disease deforming the fetus. The Zika virus is carried by mosquitoes and also can be transferred sexually. Also during this trip if we meet native tribes knowing their culture and language could be highly beneficial (Reid 27-53). Chapter 4:
The ships carried the royal family to Salvador then to Rio de Janeiro. Brazil became the center of the Portuguese empire which included higher courts in law, a national library, a school of medicine/law, national bank, stock exchange, military academy and also a botanical garden in Rio which can be seen today. Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by a French mission in Brazil. The artistic mission set up Rios schools of fine arts. Joao stayed in Brazil after it was devastated by war and returned to peace. Joao opened Brazil's ports to ship to other countries. Tariffs on British imports were lowered 15 percent. Joao then left his oldest son Pedro to be in charge of the country which lead to Brazil's independence. The constitution was made in 1824 by Pedro which also abolished slavery. Pedro II was the first to take photos and was into the telephone. He made trips around the country which made him more likeable. Brazil then became torn between liberals and conservatives. Brazil moved slow in the rise in their development. Raising other taxes was politically and financially difficult because of public land grants and low wages. By 1830 Brazil was a conservative government. Archaeologists were called into start preparing for the olympics and found objects hidden by slaves in 2010. The flow of immigrants increased between 1887 and 1914 and most of them went to São Paulo. Majority of the immigrants were Italians and the Portuguese. Also some of the immigrants were Spaniards and Japanese. The Europeans whitened the racial mixture in Brazil. In America the biggest population of immigrants are Mexicans. Decades ago many immigrants from many other different countries came to America making it diverse. The war against Paraguay killed 50,000 Brazilian troops mostly from disease which weakened the monarchy.The reason of the war in Paraguay was due to the tea industry. According to the article http://www.paraguaywar.com/ , Paraguay wanted transform from its status as state between Brazil and Argentina into a successful regional power. They invaded Uruguay which lead to invasions to Argentina and Brazil. Positivist influence divided church and state designing the new national flag. According to http://www.brazil.org.za/brazils-national-flag.htm the flags stars represent the 27 states and the night sky above Rio in 1992. The green and yellow represent the Braganza-Habsburg dynasty. Reinforced the economy dependence on coffee in 1920 lead to life expectancy increasing but inflation become a problem and led to minimal workers rights (Reid 54-78). Chapter 7:
In 1991 Brazilians were negative people unlike their optimistic way of living. No one wanted to help out each other and just kept to themselves. When Ayrton Senna, Brazil’s great racing driver, was killed in a car crash the whole country grieved.This lead to the academic failure in 1991. The New Republic took apart the remains of the dictatorship to setup liberties that tried to defeat inflation and wanted to fix social issues. According to the book and http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/brazil/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-brazil-1993.aspx , inflation was up 2.708 percent in 1993. Figure 1, Shows the inflation rates in Brazil in 1993. (Inflation Brazil 1993) Inflation (monthly basis) Inflation Inflation (yearly basis) Inflation january 1993 - december 1992 30.35% january 1993 - january 1992 1.161.79 % february 1993 - january 1993 24.98% february 1993 - february 1992 1.168.49 % march 1993 - february 1993 27.26% march 1993 - march 1992 1.229.71 % april 1993 - march 1993 27.75% april 1993 - april 1992 1.316.42 % may 1993 - april 1993 27.69% may 1993 - may 1992 1.348.52 % june 1993 - may 1993 30.07% june 1993 - june 1992 1.467.33 % july 1993 - june 1993 30.72% july 1993 - july 1992 1.581.70 % august 1993 - july 1993 32.96% august 1993 - august 1992 1.730.67 % september 1993 - august 1993 35.69% september 1993 - september 1992 1.893.13 % october 1993 - september 1993 33.92% october 1993 - october 1992 2.031.27 % november 1993 - october 1993 35.56% november 1993 - november 1992 2.258.68 % december 1993 - november 1993 36.84% december 1993 - december 1992 2.477.15 % Figure 2, shows inflation rates per month in Brazil. (Inflation Brazil 1993) Tancredo died hours before he was due to be president and left the new government abandoned. Sarney inherited the cabinet however Sarney failed four anti inflation plans. Neves agreed that the constitution made by congress would guarantee individual rights and freedom. It also lowered the voting age to 16 and expanded welfare reducing inequality in Brazil. In United States the voting age is 18. Indians rights were given to the lands and protect the reserves. The constitution showed Sarneys federal government's weaknesses .They called the constitution conservative and anti popular by 2011. The constitution suffered 67 amendments. Collor promised to stop inflation which did not happen resulting in him being removed from presidency by constitutional reasons. The vice president, Itamar Franco became the new president. He became more likable than Sarney. The roots of Brazil’s inflation was due to Brazil losing control of the country’s currency. Any temporary increase of the prices would result in a permanent increase in all of the prices. In 1986, the Cruzado plan tried to stop inflation however the plan did not work. The Brady plan brought back the country’s financial system. The new currency was called “rayahl” (real). Cardoso had a great impact of the plan’s success. Cardoso was a leading socialist in the office. He grew up with soldier-politicians. Cardoso wanted to make the country more fair. He got congress to make amendments that ended the state monopolies of oil gas and merchant shipping. He left 3 federal banks in the public bands. Brazil learned after not having a stable currency that they couldn't live like that any longer. Cardoso won another term simply because he couldn't do the job in 4 years and defeated Lula. The cons of his presidency was the unemployment rate increased and public debt doubled. The pros were newer technology was made. He tried to improve social policy from 1995 and 2003. The economic growth was only 2.3 percent per year by then. Brazil was on track and were ready to elect Lula knowing he would continue Cardoso’s policies (Reid 117-140). Chapter 8:
Lula campaigned for Cardoso in 1978. They were allies and also active in social movements for urban and rural workers. The Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) was the most successful left wing party. The PT had 230,000 members of radical democracy and the communist party were their rivals. Unemployment became Brazil’s biggest concern for Lula’s platform. Lula was a negotiator and he was in a successful direction to get Brazil out of poverty. Lula’s election was an accomplishment for Brazil's democracy. . Lula was born in Garanhuns, in the state of Pernambuco. Pernambuco was a poor state in the northeast and Lula’s lived in poverty. His life influenced his decisions for not accepting injustice. In 1952 Lula’s family lived in Guarujá which was on the coast of the state of São Paulo. Lula found a job shining shoes and selling peanuts. In 1970 Lula was still not a member of any political party but at national events he wanted to get involved with government labor policies (Advameg 2016). He had enemies even though he was also popular in Brazil and abroad. In 2005 the government was able to payback their loans which helped the growth of the economy. Brazil had multiparty alliances that were formed. Lula’s first cabinet included 11 out of 23 ministries. Dirceu resigned as Lula’s chief of staff. The party's leaders were in a tough situation when the Mayor of Santo Andre was kidnapped and murdered in 2002. The PT passed this off as a common crime. Lula lost some votes from the middle class. However the Bolsa Familia (Family Allowance) increased Lula’s the votes in the north east. Lula’s votes were among the poor, less educated and both genders. Also due to Lula wages and employment increased. The president launched the Growth Acceleration program of public works and Rousseff was in charge of this program. Some of the projects were successful and some were controversial. In 2005 the Mensalao “big monthly stipend” the president claimed in a newspaper interview that the PT was paying congressmen 30,000 reais a month and that money was coming from the public by fake advertising contracts (The Economist). This damaged the public's view of the PT leadership. Lula chose Dilma as his candidate and shortly after that Brazil’s weaknesses turned to strengths. Suddenly Dilma got lymphatic cancer in 2009 however Dilma made a full recovery for the election. Dilma called herself a democratic socialist similar to Barack Obama in the United States. Dilma wanted Brazil to become the most developed and an equal nation. Dilma wanted to maintain economic stability and reduce poverty which was Lula’s platform. The one thing Lula did not do was denying the structural reforms which he would have get criticized on. Dilma was popular due to the level of employment. Lula got many people out of poverty (Reid 141-163). Chapter 9: Alto do Cruzeiro was a small town that had about 5,000 rural workers. The hunger in that town was constant. In 1980 the infant mortality rate was 200 per 1000 live births. In 2012 that town began to change. 21 million people lived in the north east (Sertao). This town suffered from droughts from El Niño weather. The drought affected the income dramatically. Income inequality decreased in 2013 due to the factors such as the rise in minimum wage and an increase in job rates. Poor living conditions were based on an income of 70 reais per person. If families fall under the amount of 70 reais per person, the Bolsa Familia foundation met the criteria. Families complained that 70 reais per person could not feed them well enough and was not livable. Class C was an income between 1,200 and 5,174 reais per month. Many of the class C were still considered poor however there was advances in the health care. The government role was to higher education and regulate schools. Sao Paolo had a standard school curriculum and career paths until 2011 due to union involvement. Brazilians had almost ten years of schooling by the time they were 25. Rio de Janeiro put more resources in about 150 schools. The number of students increased to more than 6 million between 2000 and 2010. Lula created new universities due to the increase of the middle class. College graduates in Brazil earned 3.6 times as much as high school graduates. In 2010, 49 percent of brazilians were white. Studies were found that blacks were getting disadvantages in their education and majority of the blacks were living in the favelas. According to the source, Favelas are a group of 1,000 homes in Rio on a hill which hold 1.5 million people. Soldiers camped on a hill where favela plant grows and made housing out of shacks. The soldiers settled in when they returned to Rio. Former African slaves settled in the favelas. At this time Brazil still had an issue with racial mixing. In Rio de Janeiro they have the hills, the favelas, and the streets near Copacabana. In 2010, 22 percent of the Rio's population lived in the favelas. The government was trying to figure out security in the favelas. Brazil suffered from violent crime and the police remained unreformed. In 1990, drug dealers moved to the favelas and in 2012 Brazil was the second largest market for cocaine. The police were poorly paid. The federal government set up a fund for community policing. Brazil became less poor and unequal than the past decades however had a long way to go (Reid 164-191). Chapter 10 Acu Superport was along the coast of Rio. Santos was Brazil's largest port which has 90 million tonnes of oil a year. In 1970 the previous minister of the mines son, Eike made a fortune gold mining in the Amazon. In 1954 Petrobras found oil on land. The first 16 wells in Petrobras were a success.The land was run by engineers which became an oil company for deep sea operations. That company became the top 5 oil majors by 2020. Brazil became the world's third biggest exporter of farm products. The driving force of Brazil’s agricultural revolution was an increase in productivity. Sugar was the second most important energy source. Brazil had sugar based ethanol which was good for the environment. Pro Alcool collapsed with the oil prices in 1980s. It was remade by a private initiative. In 2012 Brazil imports occasionally went to the United States. n 1930 the telegraph post that the troops laid down from Cuiaba to the river Madeira became isolated. Most of the troops died from malaria, bad food and Indian attacks. Rondon was the first director of the Brazil's Indian protection service. Manaus turned into a city of 2 million with 600 factories. The ranchers removed the forest by clear cutting and burning. Quarter of the jobs were from the lumber industry in the Amazon. Ibama was a federal environmental agency that cancelled 80 percent of their forest management plans. According to this video below, the amazon rainforest produces 20 percent of world's freshwater and the world's oxygen. The rainforest is decreasing with the economy. Brazil have been determined to improve the quality of life in the rainforest. Only 10 percent of the population live in the Amazon. The Belmonte Dam can affect the lives of the native people due to loss of space . Deforestation is horrible for Brazil and the rest of the world due to lack of oxygen and increase of methane (Reid 192-213). Chapter 11
Embraer was the world’s third largest maker of commercial jet aircraft. His plans were more reliable and fuel efficient. Instituto Tecnologico da Aeronautica was a technical school where Embraer’s engineers were trained. Due to a firm investing in research and development new jets were launched. WEG was the most successful Brazilian industrial company. WEG was the top three makes of electric motors. WEGs was successful due to the quality the workforce. Some of the macroeconomics policies had negative effects for Brazil's manufacturing directly and indirectly. The policies brought positive effects to Brazil's consumers. Coutinho thought Brazil's big local firms should offer benefits as sources. The Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) offered long term funding for infrastructure projects. The Bank supports technological innovation, sustainable socio-environmental development and public administration modernization. The bank sponsored agribusiness, telecoms, construction, pulp and paper. The BNDES wanted to create a pharmaceutical company. The government used state companies to regulate electricity banking and oil markets. After that the cost of importing a container to Brazil was high. Volkswagen, Fiat, General Motors, and Ford was Brazil's main manufacturers. Brazil was the world's fourth largest vehicle market in 2012. The VK and Fiat costed 31,000. Embraer was the net foreign exchange contributor. Firms began to move production of cheap plastic shoes to bigger factories. Grendene was one of Brazil's main shoe firms.Grendene employed around 10,000 people in Ceara. The second shift at Grendene was the outsourcing of production to China. The third shift was to rely on the growing of domestic market. Some of Brazil’s shoe industry could not go international due to cheap labour. INATEL, founded in 1959, was a technical college that taught electronics and telecoms. Around one hundred specialized engineers worked in labs at the school. INATEL began to set up their own firms. More firms were set up in Santa Rica. 40 percent of Brazil’s economic growth was due to the expansion of their labour force. Then Brazil issued 30,000 separate tax rules between 1988 and 2012. 45 percent of the urban workers were formal by 2008. Brazil had some of the highest interest rates by then. Brazil had the third longest road network which was 1.7 million kilometres. Two-fifths of the country's road network needed repair. Infrastructure was neglected in Brazil. Then in 2013 the government made contracts to upgrade federal highways (Reid 214-236). Chapter 12 Lula met with Iran’s president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Turkey’s prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2010. They made an agreement about Iran’s nuclear program. Brazil was a non permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2010. Hillary Clinton when she was the US Secretary of State and not the Democratic presidential nominee told Brazil's foreign minister that buying time for Iran could be more dangerous. Brazil leaked a private letter from Obama stating the US approval for the negotiation and the deal with Iran. Brazil was shaped by colonialism, slavery and poverty making Brazil more of a southern country. Brazil saw their country as part of the Atlantic world. Due to Brazil being so open and warm hearted other countries took advantage of their nationalism. Due to the end of the Cold War and since the New Republic, Brazil’s foreign policy began to grow. Brazil did not visit another South American country until Campos Salles in 1900 went to Argentina. Rio Branco, the foreign minister in 1902-1912 made a treaty with Argentina and Chile in 1915. A Brazilian president did not visit Colombia or Venezuela until 1985. Towards the end of Lula’s time Brazil became more involved in Central America and the Caribbean. In 1991 the Treaty of Asuncion created Mercosul. Mercosul was the Common Market of the South. Mercosul became the world’s fourth largest combined market and helped put its members on the world business map. Brazil’s borders became a channel for migration, crime and trade. By 1995 trade goods were tariff free. In 2008 the Community of Latin America and Caribbean nations were made excluding Canada and the US. Chavez made an anti American club. Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, and Nicaragua were called the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas. Brazil was silent when Chavez violated the constitution by harassing others. In 2006 Lula wanted to be partners with all other countries. Brazil often did not give the support the other neighbors needed. For example, in 1990 Colombia was becoming a failing state and Cardoso’s government was unconcerned. Brazil’s firms began to have contracts worth billions of dollars in Venezuela and also Brazil’s companies bought up some of the Argentine industry. Since 1970, Brazil had been a global trader divided by the United States, Europe, and the “Americas”. 85 percent of Brazil’s exports were raw materials to China . Brazil was actually only the world’s twenty second biggest exporter. Lula’s greatest foreign policy outcome was in Africa when Lula visited more than seventy five countries. Brazil voted to denounce Iran at the Human Rights Council in 2011. Lula befriended George W. Bush in South America unlike the anti American leaders such as Chavez and Morales. Obama on the other hand did not need Lula to act like a friend. Brazil and the US were friends however not allies yet. Trade and economic issues were the core of their relationship. The Amazon was Brazil’s most vulnerable territory. Brazil opposed military intervention in Iraq which turned to be the right decision (Reid 239-262). Chapter 13
In Brazil the Free Fare Movement was a small far left group. The Free Fare Movement set up protests which led to vandalism. In Sao Paolo the police used brutal acts to stop the ongoing protests. The Brazilian police fired stun grenades and rubber bullets close range at the protesters. These protests were created through social media and were mostly people from the middle class. Dilma was getting low scores in the polls during these times. The public was angry at public figures like mayors, state governors, and the federal government which lead to protests. The protesters wanted to reform the political system in Brazil. Presidents then assembled a multi party system which had 11.5 effective parties. The multi party system was similar to Israel’s dysfunctional 7.3 parties. Brazil was not investing enough to boost productivity and economic growth. The government needed to devote time/money more to health and education. In 2010 Congress raised their salaries by 62 percent. The total public payroll increased 30 percent in 2012. The estimated length for a case to be finished was 10 years. In 2006 there was 36 million ongoing cases. One way to reform the system would be to split states into electoral districts which would reduce the amount of parties. According to the New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/world/americas/brazil-dilma-rousseff-impeached-removed-president.html?_r=0, the Senate voted for Dilma Rousseff out of office due to her manipulating federal budget. the remaining two years and four months of her term by Michel Temer (Watts 2016). Her lawyer was José Eduardo Cardozo. The economy was decreasing when she was in office. Rousseff did not receive any corruption charges (Reid 263-281). Chapter 14
Brazil had the best team in the world for the World Cup on paper. Felipe Scolari was the manager of the national team. Brazil’s leaders set an example for Latin America. Over the past two decades Brazil faced challenges when it came to a dictatorship and trying to reduce their social inequalities. Brazil’s economic strengths included its farming, oil, gas and science research. Lula claimed the twenty first century was Brazil’s century. Brazil needed to improve on education and infrastructure. The country needed union reforms which balanced workers rights. The 2014 election changed the political direction. Dilma Rousseff lied about the 2014 election's economy conditions that led the country into a deep recession. 1.4 million people in Sao Paolo, Brazil protested to impeach Rousseff in March and that process took around nine months (Castro 2016). Brazil had many large street peaceful protests in 2013. In 2016 similar protests were happening. In Sao Paulo, a peaceful protest about the the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff occurred. The protest ended because the police got involved and also were accused of police brutality. The Police began throwing tear gas bombs to the protesters (Phillips 2016). Due to this repeat of police brutality, the demand to remake Brazil from the bottom up is high. Brazil has hope for growth from the past two decades (Reid 282- 289). Work Cited
Castro, Gabriel De Arruda. "Dilma's Fall Is Brazil's Gain." National Review. N.p., 01 Sept. 2016. Web. H.J. "What Is Brazil's "mensalão"?" The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 18 Nov. 2013. Web. "Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva Biography." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Advameg Inc, n.d. Web. 09 Sept. 2016. Phillips, Dom. "Watch Brazilian Police Attack Anti-impeachment Protesters." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 5 Sept. 2016. Web. Reid, Michael. Brazil: The Troubled Rise of a Global Power. New Haven: Yale UP, 2015. Print. Watts, Jonathan. "More than a Million Brazilians Protest against 'horror' Government." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 13 Mar. 2016. Web. "What Is a Favela? 5 Things to Know About Rio's 'Slums'" NBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2016 |